Can Hashimoto's Cause High Cholesterol – Growth Response, Oxidative Injury and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea Leaves to Increased O3 Concentration.
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Can Hashimoto's Cause High Cholesterol
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What Causes Low Hdl Cholesterol Levels?
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By Yana Danailova 1, † , Tsvetelina Velikova 2, *, † , Georgi Nikolaev 3 , Zorka Mitova 4 , Alexander Shinkov 5 , Hristo Gagov 1 and Rossitza Konakchieva 3
Epidemiology Of Thyroid Disorders In The Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands)
Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Department of Clinical Immunology, Lozenetsz University Hospital, Sofia University St. Kliement Ohridski, 1 “Kozyak” St., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Blvd. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Thyroid Weight Loss: Dos And Don’ts When You Are Suffering From Thyroid
Received: April 9, 2022 / Revised: April 30, 2022 / Accepted: May 2, 2022 / Published: May 5, 2022
Since the thyroid gland is one of the organs most affected by the autoimmune process, many patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (TH) seek medical advice on lifestyle changes and dietary modifications to improve and maintain thyroid function. In this review, we aim to present and discuss some challenges related to TH nutritional management, focusing on environmental and dietary deficits, inflammatory and toxic nutrients, cyanotoxins, and others. and the impact on the development and exacerbation of TH in detail. We show some novel insights into the role of vitamin D and melatonin in maintaining thyroid function during chronic inflammation in autoimmune-predisposed subjects. A comprehensive overview is provided of anti-inflammatory nutrition and ecological diets, including foods for cleansing and detoxification, which represent strategies to prevent relapse and improve the overall quality of life. In conclusion, data from biomedical and clinical studies provide evidence that an appropriate dietary regimen and lighting can improve thyroid gland function and reduce autoantibody reactivity in TH. Adherence to nutritional guidelines can help TH patients reduce their need for medication.
The thyroid gland is the organ most affected by the autoimmune process [1]. Between 20% and 40% of American and British Caucasians show lymphocytic infiltration in post-mortem specimens, while the highest percentage is typical for white women [2]. Intra-thyroidal lymphocytic infiltration causes chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions, most often leading to autoimmune hypothyroidism or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (TH) [3]. The development of TH causes scarring and destruction of the thyroid gland and is manifested by a decrease in free plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in plasma and the presence of antibodies to the thyroid. peroxidase (Ab-TPO) and thyroglobulin (Ab-Tg) [4]. It is generally accepted that the pathogenesis of TH, like other autoimmune diseases, reflects a combination of environmental (ie, lighting regimen, pollution, micronutrients, various physical and social factors), existential (lifestyle, hormonal status, diet, gut microbiota), as well as genetic factors. which causes immunological dysfunction and supports autoimmune destruction of the gland [4].
To treat the condition in the long term, patients with TH-related hypothyroidism often require lifelong hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine [5, 6]. There is considerable evidence that a thyroid-gut axis controls many autoimmune disorders, and patients often report changes in quality of life and thyroid function as a result of dietary modification.
Thyroid Health In Fertility And Pregnancy
Genetic factors contribute to 70-80% of autoimmune thyroid diseases [7]. Major histocompatibility complex genes (HLA class I and II), thyroid-related genes, genes related to the synthesis of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (BACH2, TPO), and genes that regulate the immune response (CD40, CTLA4, PD1) are common genetic factors [7]. , 8].
Of the environmental factors, various nutrients play an important role in the initiation and development of TH. High iodine intake, selenium and iron deficiency, inadequate protein intake, unsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fiber can contribute to TH [1, 9, 10]. Proinflammatory foods can cause dysbiosis and oxidative stress [11] that can cause intestinal inflammation and spread to different organs, including the thyroid gland [4, 12, 13]. The reduction and replacement of commensal microbiota caused by dietary supplements significantly changes the immune function and intestinal mucosal epithelial metabolism and nutrient absorption [ 11 , 14 ]. Drugs such as pembrolizumab, interferon-α, anti-retroviral therapy, and estrogen used for oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy are also important for TH [ 7 , 8 ]. Smoking and moderate alcohol consumption protect against TH, but smoking cessation can lead to this disease [8]. Immunomodulatory therapy and infections such as rubella, hepatitis C, and Epstein-Barr virus may also be responsible for the development of TH [8].
Cyanotoxins such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins, in addition to general toxicity, increase the permeability of the epithelial layer and the pseudo-epithelial model of the human intestine. It even has the ability to affect the function of the gastrointestinal epithelium and other cell types, and thereby cause the “leaky gut” syndrome, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis [15]. Furthermore, microcystins dose-dependently decrease thyroid hormone levels, and affect deiodinase activity and gene transcription related to thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism [1]. Direct harmful effects of acute and chronic exposure to cyanotoxins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis can lead to hypothyroidism [16, 17].
Individual characteristics such as age, lifestyle, gender, pregnancy, and certain diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, prolactinoma, and subacute thyroiditis, can be important predispositions or triggers of TH [ 7 , 8 ]. Current TH treatment in hypothyroid subjects includes replacement monotherapy with levothyroxine, which reduces the recurrence of the disease and slows down the progression of thyroid damage. However, a proportion of patients continue to experience multiple symptoms and a reduced overall quality of life. Unfortunately, there are limited data on effective concomitant treatments other than levothyroxine, which do not target autoimmune processes associated with disease severity. It is already known that the diet and lifestyle of patients with TH can play a key role in the management of disease episodes, which requires an in-depth study of complex external and internal factors. Intensive research shows that many dietary supplements have the potential to positively affect TH symptoms due to their anti-inflammatory and antidepressant activity, thereby improving overall well-being. Among the most interesting candidates that can affect the severity of clinical symptoms and improve thyroid function are vitamins from groups A, B, C, and D, fatty acids, antioxidants, phytochemicals, but also indole-amine melatonin [4]. , 10].
Pdf) Relationship Between Lipoprotein(a) And Thyroid Hormones In Hypothyroid Patients
Interest in dietary vitamin D and melatonin is based on research findings regarding their physiological role as regulators of inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin production. Dietary supplementation of vitamin D and controlled melatonin may be an important strategy to treat TH through molecular mechanisms at the cellular level. Data show that an appropriate nutritional protocol can help reduce chronic inflammation in the thyroid gland, other tissues, and organs, as well as reduce or stop the degradation of the thyroid gland and thus improve the patient’s quality of life [4, 11].
In this review, we aim to present and discuss the challenges related to TH nutritional management, focusing on environmental factors and dietary deficits, inflammatory and toxic nutrients, cyanotoxins, and others. We analyzed the relationship between different diets, chronic inflammation, and microbiota, and their impact on the development and exacerbation of TH in detail. We show some new insights into the role of vitamin D and melatonin in maintaining thyroid function during chronic inflammation in autoimmune-predisposed individuals.
Nutritional deficits or excesses of some minerals and other nutrients play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of hypothyroidism and TH [18]. Iron and selenium are involved in the formation of T3 (active hormone) and T4 (prohormone), where iodine is part of the molecule, and selenium is a cofactor of
