Dietary Pills For Weight Loss – The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not suppress a global view of the subject. You can improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2020) (Learn how and what to remove this template)
Orlistat (Xical), the most commonly used medication to treat obesity and sibutramine (Meridia), a medication that was rightfully withdrawn due to cardiovascular side effects.
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Anti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological actions that reduce or control weight. These drugs change one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, changing either appetite or absorption of calories.
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The main treatments for overweight and obese individuals remain diet (healthy diet and calorie restriction) and physical exercise.
In the United States, orlistat (Xical) and semaglutide (Wegovy) are approved by the FDA for long-term use.
Xical reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase; Wegovy is a GLP-1 analog, a class of drugs that is relatively accurate and that holds promise as an effective anti-obesity measure.
Because of potential side effects and limited evidence of small benefits in weight loss for children and adolescents with obesity,
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It is recommended that anti-obesity drugs be prescribed only for obesity where it is hoped that the benefits of the treatment outweigh its risks.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that people with either a body mass index of at least 30, or a body mass index of at least 27 with at least one weight-related comorbidity, suppress a patient population with enough. high basic health risks to justify the use of anti-obesity medication.
Anorexics are primarily intended to suppress the appetite, but most of the drugs in this class also act as stimulants (eg, amphetamine), and patients have abused “off-label” appetite suppressant drugs (eg, digoxin).
The first described attempts to produce weight loss are those of Sorano from Ephesus, a Greek physician, in the second century AD. He prescribed elixirs of laxatives and purgatives, as well as heat, massage and exercise. This has remained the mainstay of treatment for over a thousand years. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that new treatments began to appear. Based on its effectiveness for hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone has become a popular treatment for obesity in euthyroid people. It had a modest effect but produced the symptoms of hyperthyroidism as a side effect, such as palpitations and difficulty sleeping. 2, 4-Dinitrophol (DNP) was introduced in 1933; this worked by uncoupling the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing them to produce heat instead of ATP. The most important side effect was heat, often with sweating. Overdose, although rare, has caused an increase in body temperature and, ultimately, fatal hyperthermia. By d of 1938 DNP fell out of use as the FDA became empowered to put pressure on manufacturers, who voluntarily withdrew it from the market.
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Amphetamines (marketed as Bzedrine) became popular for weight loss during the late 1930s. They worked mainly by suppressing appetite, and had other beneficial effects such as increased vitality. Use of amphetamines increased over the following decades, including Obetrol and culminating in the “rainbow diet pill” regimen.
This was a combination of multiple pills, all thought to help with weight loss, taken throughout the day. Typical regimens included stimulants, such as amphetamines, as well as thyroid hormone, diuretics, diuretics, laxatives, and often barbiturates to suppress the side effects of the stimulants.
In 1967/1968 a number of deaths attributed to diet pills triggered a State investigation and the gradual implementation of greater restrictions on the market.
While rainbow diet pills were banned in the United States in the late 1960s, they resurfaced in South America and Europe in the 1980s.
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Eventually rainbow diet pills were reintroduced into the US from the 2000s and caused further negative health effects.
In 1959, phtermine was approved by FDA and fluramine in 1973. The two were not more popular than other drugs until in 1992 a researcher reported that wh combined the two caused a 10% weight loss that was maintained for more than two years.
F-ph was born and quickly became the most commonly prescribed diet medication. Dexfluramine (Redux) was developed in the mid-1990s as an alternative to fluramine with fewer side effects, and received regulatory approval in 1996. However, this coincided with increasing evidence that the combination could cause valvular heart disease in up to 30% of those who took it, leading to withdrawal of F-ph and dexfluramine from the market in September 1997.
Medical complications included fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage due to Redux and F-ph, and hemorrhagic stroke due to filpropanolamine.
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Since the introduction of drugs for the management of obesity in the 1930s, many compounds have been tried. Most of them reduce body weight by small amounts, and several of them are no longer marketed for obesity because of their side effects. Of 25 anti-obesity drugs withdrawn from the market between 1964 and 2009, 23 acted by changing the functions of chemical neurotransmitters in the brain. The most common side effects of these drugs that led to withdrawals were metal disturbances, cardiac side effects, and substance abuse or addiction. Deaths were reportedly associated with seven products.
Ephedra was removed from the US market in 2004 over concerns that it raises blood pressure and could lead to strokes and death.
Some sufferers find that diet and exercise is not a viable option; for these pattas, anti-obesity medications may be a last resort. In the United States, semaglutide (Wegovy) is approved by the FDA for chronic weight management.
Some other prescription weight loss medications are stimulants that are recommended for short-term use only, and thus are of limited utility for patients who may need to lose weight over months or years.
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In 2021, one review concluded that “Currtly, intestinal peptide analogues such as semaglutide […] and […] tirzepatide are the most advanced in clinical development”.
In 2022, a further review found that these two peptides are “the most promising candidates for the next battle in the anti-obesity market”.
An article in The New York Times notes the high costs for semaglutide and potentially tirezepatide, suggesting that many people “who could benefit most from weight loss may not be able to afford such expensive drugs.”
In June 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved semaglutide injection sold under the brand name Wegovy for long-term weight management in adults.
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Wegovy was approved for medical use (“used in conjunction with diet and physical activity”) in the European Union in January 2022.
Specifically, phase-3 clinical trials found that after 71 weeks, patients lost 16% of their initial body weight on average.
On May 13, 2022, it was approved under the name Mounjaro for type-2 diabetes (although not specifically for weight loss).
Exatide (Byetta) is a long-acting analog of the hormone GLP-1, which the intestines secrete in response to the presence of food. Among other effects, GLP-1 delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of fullness after eating. Some people with obesity have a deficit of GLP-1, and diet reduces GLP-1 further.
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Byetta is usually available as a treatment for Diabetes mellitus type 2. Some, but not all, patients find that they lose a lot of weight while taking Byetta. The disadvantages of Byetta include that it must be injected subcutaneously twice daily, and that it causes severe nausea in some patients, especially when therapy is started. As of 2015, Byetta was only recommended for patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Orlistat (Xical) reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting the enzyme pancreatic lipase. Common oily intestinal steatorrhea is a possible side effect of using Orlistat. But if fat in the diet is reduced, symptoms often improve. Originally available only by prescription, it was approved by the FDA for over-the-counter sale in February 2007.
On 26 May 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a revised label for Xical to include new safety information about cases of severe liver injury that have been reported rarely with the use of this medication.
Cetilistat is a medication designed to treat obesity. It works in the same way as the older drug Orlistat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, a enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the gut. Without this zyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested.
Anti Obesity Medication
The combination of phtermine and topiramate, brand name Qsymia (formerly Qnexa) was approved by the US FDA on 17 July 2012, as an obesity treatment complementary to diet and exercise regimen.
In October 2012, the European Medicines Agency, in contrast, rejected the combination (Qsiva) as a treatment for obesity, citing concerns about long-term effects on the heart and blood vessels, metal health and cognitive side effects.
Naltrexone/bupropion is a combination medication used for weight loss in those who are either obese or overweight with certain weight-related illnesses. It combines low doses of bupropion and naltrexone. Both drugs individually have shown some evidence of effectiveness in weight loss, and the combination has been shown to have some synergistic effects on weight. In September 2014, a sustained release formulation of the
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