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Children of women who ate little or no meat while pregnant were more likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana at age 15 than children of women who ate meat.
Healthy Diet For Pregnant Vegetarian
Researchers analyzed data from 5,109 women and their children in a long-term study called ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) in England, which collected information on what women and their children’s health did over the years while they were pregnant. The less meat women eat during pregnancy, the greater the risk of their children drinking, smoking or using marijuana as 15-year-olds, Dr. Joseph Hiblon of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism at the National Institutes of Health and his colleagues reported Wednesday in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Studies. . (They were funded by the US and UK governments and a charity, not the meat producers.)
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About 10 percent of 15-year-olds smoked at least weekly, drank enough to cause behavioral problems, or “moderately” used marijuana. But teens of meat-free mothers were 75 percent more likely to have alcohol-related problems, 85 percent more likely to smoke, and 2.7 times more likely to use marijuana than teens who ate meat during pregnancy.
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The researchers suspected that any adverse effects of the mother’s missed meat during pregnancy involved vitamin B12, which is abundant in meat but not plants. So they dug deeper into their data, comparing two groups of women: those with the high-functioning form of the gene that brings B12 into both their cells and their fetuses, and those without the high-functioning gene. Next, B12 doesn’t reach their cells or their fetus very well, regardless of what they eat, so it doesn’t matter if they get a lot of B12 (in meat) or not.
High-functioning B12 genes, whether or not they ate meat while pregnant, had no difference in their adolescent substance abuse risk. Vegetarian Mothers/Substance-Abusing Teens Association held among women only
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High-functioning B12 genes, whether or not people eat meat, will affect how much B12 their cells and fetuses get. This appears to reinforce an association between a lean, low-B12 pregnancy and subsequent substance abuse in children.
Of course, what the mother eats during pregnancy can affect the baby’s health. B12 helps to insulate neurons in the developing brain, which is why very few children appear to have cognitive and social developmental delays. It can accompany children with poor emotion regulation and other deficits that can lead them to abuse drugs and alcohol. “I’m not surprised by the results,” said Oxford University physiologist John Stein, who was not involved in the new research.
Other experts have raised questions. Although mostly well-regarded, ALSPAC has produced head-scratching and possibly erroneous findings, such as linking pregnant women’s use of acetaminophen to behavior problems in their children or maternal fish consumption and obesity in children. As ALSPAC generates more data, statisticians worry that digging through it all may produce spurious correlations, ones that are only coincidentally connected and not in a meaningful way.
Another problem is that ALSPAC had pregnant women fill out questionnaires about their diet. It did not verify their reports or measure their B12 levels. This increases the likelihood that women misremember what they ate during pregnancy. “Self-reporting of dietary intake and substance use/abuse can have errors,” says nutritionist Susan Levine of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a nonprofit that advocates for vegetarian diets. As a result, many nutrition studies based on self-reports reach erroneous conclusions.
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Because this is an observational study, the researchers can’t rule out the possibility that “women who choose to be vegetarian are different from those who don’t,” says Oxford’s Stein. The type of housing a family lived in (publicly subsidized or owned), maternal education, and parental social class (white-collar or manual labor) were associated with higher risk of child substance abuse, as was the mother’s gestational age.
“No one would disagree that B12 is important for fetal health and beyond,” Levin said. “While B12 may play a role [in adolescent substance abuse], many other factors may contribute to the findings, such as parents’ and children’s religion and personality traits, which were not measured or accounted for.” Hiblon says he and his colleagues are “very sensitive to confounding issues,” and are confident that a nonmeat pregnancy affects substance abuse risk independently of other factors.
Does the parenting style of vegetarian mothers differ from that of meat-eating mothers in influencing children’s likelihood of drinking or smoking? In fact, researchers have found that mothers who avoid meat (contrary, perhaps, to stereotypes) are not only more permissive but more protective, keeping an eagle eye on their children. This should reduce the children’s risk of drug abuse, yet they were mothers whose teens were more likely to smoke and drink.
“Many, many factors contribute to children’s substance use,” says Maureen Black of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, an expert on B12 and brain development. It is “a long stretch to link maternal meat consumption during pregnancy.”
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The link between a mother’s meat avoidance during pregnancy and her child’s later risk of substance abuse is an intriguing but unproven idea, and in any case, the study’s authors say pregnant women don’t have to be carnivores to change their risk of going meatless, because B12 is also available in supplements.
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However, eating vegetables, likewise, can make your meals monotonous every day. Therefore, by eating different vegetables, you can make different interesting recipes.
Take your pick from these ten vegetarian recipes for pregnancy. To be extra careful, we recommend you talk to your doctor about the ingredients first.
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Vegetarian foods are rich in fiber, and rich in vitamins and minerals, and are low in saturated fat and cholesterol (1).
You can add more plant-based protein and other nutrient-dense foods to your diet. Some nutrients are found mainly or exclusively in animal-based foods, such as vitamin B12 and vitamin D, and may require supplementation (1).
According to the American Dietetic Association, a well-planned vegetarian diet, which includes a variety of foods and is rich in nutrients, is safe for all people, including pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. You can add fortified foods or doctor-prescribed supplements for nutrients that are found exclusively in non-vegetarian foods (2).
Eating maggi or any other instant noodles during pregnancy may not cause harm. However, it may not be a good idea to eat it as a single item. You can add fresh vegetables to make the noodles more nutritious (3).
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Some researchers found that a vegetarian diet was associated with smaller-for-gestational-age babies compared to mothers who ate meat, poultry, and fish during pregnancy. However, a vegetarian diet was not found to significantly increase the risk for any medical conditions in the baby and the mother (4).
The health status of unborn babies can depend on several factors and maternal nutrition is one factor. Vegetarian and vegan mothers can have healthy babies if essential vitamin and mineral requirements are met throughout pregnancy (5).
There is no conclusive evidence that a vegetarian diet during pregnancy can reduce the incidence of morning sickness.
You can also include more protein, 1-2 servings of dark green leafy vegetables, 4-5 servings of vegetables and fruits, beans and soy products, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and prenatal supplements. However, energy requirements during the first trimester are no greater than in non-pregnant women (2).
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